[324] Ibid.,pp.78—79.
[325] Saggs,Op.cit.,p.83.
[326] Rudgley,Op.cit.,p.70.
[327] Nissen,Op.cit.,p.84.
[328] Saggs,Op.cit.,p.62.
[329] Ibid.,p.65.
[330] Ibid.,pp.66—68.
[331] Ibid.,pp.68—69.
[332] G.Contenau,Everyday Life in Babylon and Assyria,London:Edward Arnold,1954,p.158.[333] Ibid.,p.160.
[334] Ibid.,pp.162—163.
[335] Leick,Op.cit.,p.66.
[336] Nissen,Op.cit.,p.138.
[337] Leick,Op.cit.,p.73.
[338] Nissen,Op.cit.,p.139.
[339] Leick,Op.cit.,p.75.
[340] David C.Lindberg,The Beginnings of Western Science,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1992,p.12.[341] Nissen,Op.cit.,p.140.Charva’t,Op.cit.,p.127.[342] Saggs,Op.cit.,pp.78—84.
[343] Ibid.
[344] Ibid.,p.81.
[345]指文字書寫遵循犁地的路線:如果第一行從右到左,那麼第二行從左到右,第三行從右到左,以此類推。
[346] Nissen,Op.cit.,p.136.
[347] Saggs,Op.cit.,p.98.
[348] Ibid.,p.104.大多數抄寫員是男星,但也不盡然。阿卡德國王薩爾貢的女兒是烏爾城月神的高階祭司,她成為著名的詩人。當抄寫員在檔案上簽名時,通常要新增涪琴的名字和職位,證明自己是城市管理者、廟宇管理者、軍官或祭司的兒子。讀寫能篱只限於抄寫員和管理者。
[349] Saggs,Op.cit.,p.105.
[350] Ibid.
[351] Ibid.,p.107.
[352] Ibid.,p.110.
[353] Ibid.,p.111.
[354] Ibid.,p.112.
[355] Ibid.,p.103.
[356] Leick,Op.cit.,p.214.
[357] Ibid.,p.82.
[358] Contenau,Op.cit.,p.196.
[359] William B.F.Ryan et al.,‘An abrupt drowning of the Black Sea shelf’,Marine Geology,vol.38,1997,pp.119—126.2002年10月,《海洋地質學》整期討論了黑海假說問題。許多人持否定苔度。
[360] George Roux,Ancient Iraq,London:Penguin,1966,p.109.[361] Nissen,Op.cit.,p.95.
[362] Ibid.
[363] H.and H.A.Frankfort et al.,Before Philosophy,London:Penguin,1949,p.224.Andrew R.George,The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic:Introduction,Critical Edition and Cuneiform Texts(2 vols),Oxford:Oxford University Press,2003.[364] Contenau,Op.cit.,p.204.
[365] Frankfort et al.,Op.cit.,p.225.
[366] Ibid.,p.226.
[367] Contenau,Op.cit.,p.205.
[368] Frankfort et al.,Op.cit.,p.226.
[369] Lionel Casson,Libraries in the Ancient World,New Haven:Yale University Press,2001,p.4.[370] Ibid.,p.7.
[371] Ibid.,p.13.
[372] Charva’t,Op.cit.,p.101.
[373] Ibid.,p.210.
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